1. Drossman DA, Hasler WL. Rome
IV-Functional GI Disorders:
Disorders of Gut-Brain
Interaction. Gastroenterology.
2016;150(6):1257-61.
2. Mark Pimentel AR. The Microbiome
Connection: Your Guide to IBS,
SIBO, and Low-Fermentation Eating.
Evanston, Illinois, USA: Agate
Surrey2024.
3. William B Salt MD II BW. You’re on
FIRE: Heal IBS, SIBO, Microbiome
Dysbiosis & Leaky Gut to Discover
Whole Health, Columbus, Ohio,
USA2023.
4. Dimidi E, Belogianni K, Whelan K, et
al. Gut Symptoms during FODMAP
Restriction and Symptom Response
to Food Challenges during FODMAP
Reintroduction: A Real-World
Evaluation in 21,462 Participants
Using a Mobile Application.
Nutrients. 2023;15(12).
5. Di Rosa C, Altomare A, Terrigno
V, et al. Constipation-Predominant
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBSC):
Effects of Different Nutritional
Patterns on Intestinal Dysbiosis and
Symptoms. Nutrients. 2023;15(7).
6. Thomas A, Thomas A, Butler-Sanchez
M. Dietary Modification for the
Restoration of Gut Microbiome and
Management of Symptoms in Irritable
Bowel Syndrome. American journal of
lifestyle medicine. 2022;16(5):608-21.
7. Rinninella E, Raoul P, Cintoni M, et
al. What is the Healthy Gut Microbiota
Composition? A Changing Ecosystem
across Age, Environment, Diet, and
Diseases. Microorganisms. 2019;7(1).
8. Rinninella E, Cintoni M, Raoul P,
et al. Food Components and Dietary
Habits: Keys for a Healthy Gut
Microbiota Composition. Nutrients.
2019;11(10).
9. Chong PP, Chin VK, Looi CY, et
al. The Microbiome and Irritable
Bowel Syndrome - A Review on the
Pathophysiology, Current Research
and Future Therapy. Frontiers in
microbiology. 2019;10:1136.
10. Mullish BH, Quraishi MN, Segal
JP, et al. The gut microbiome: what
every gastroenterologist needs to
know. Frontline gastroenterology.
2021;12(2):118-27.
11. Gargari G, Mantegazza G, Taverniti
V, et al. Fecal short-chain fatty acids
in non-constipated irritable bowel
syndrome: a potential clinically
relevant stratification factor based on
catabotyping analysis. Gut microbes.
2023;15(2):2274128.
12. Prospero L, Riezzo G, Linsalata M,
et al. Psychological and
Gastrointestinal Symptoms of Patients
with Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Undergoing a Low-FODMAP Diet:
The Role of the Intestinal Barrier.
Nutrients. 2021;13(7).
13. Naseri K, Dabiri H, Rostami-Nejad
M, et al. Influence of low FODMAPgluten
free diet on gut microbiota
alterations and symptom severity in
Iranian patients with irritable bowel
syndrome. BMC gastroenterology.
2021;21(1):292.
14. Rajilić-Stojanović M, Jonkers
DM, Salonen A, et al. Intestinal
microbiota and diet in IBS: causes,
consequences, or epiphenomena? The
American journal of gastroenterology.
2015;110(2):278-87.
15. Herfindal AM, van Megen F, Gilde
MKO, et al. Effects of a low FODMAP
diet on gut microbiota in individuals
with treated coeliac disease having
persistent gastrointestinal symptoms
- a randomised controlled trial.
The British journal of nutrition.
2023;130(12):2061-75.
16. Fasano A, Flaherty S. Gut Feelings:
The Microbiome and Our Health: MIT
Press; 2022.
17. Aleman RS, Moncada M, Aryana KJ.
Leaky Gut and the Ingredients That
Help Treat It: A Review. Molecules
(Basel, Switzerland). 2023;28(2).
18. Yawen Zhang LF, Xin Wang,
Mark Fox, et al. Low fermentable
oligosaccharides, disaccharides,
monosaccharides, and polyols diet
compared with traditional dietary
advice for diarrhea-predominant
irritable bowel syndrome: A parallelgroup,
randomized controlled
trial with analysis of clinical and
microbiological factors associated
with patient outcomes. The American
journal of clinical nutrition.
2021;113:1531–45.
19. Carco C, Young W, Gearry RB, et
al. Increasing Evidence That Irritable
Bowel Syndrome and Functional
Gastrointestinal Disorders Have a
Microbial Pathogenesis. Frontiers in
cellular and infection microbiology.
2020;10:468.
20. Harvie RM, Chisholm AW, Bisanz
JE, Burton JP, Herbison P, Schultz
K, et al. Long-term irritable bowel
syndrome symptom control with
reintroduction of selected FODMAPs.
World journal of gastroenterology.
2017;23(25):4632-43.
21. O’Neill S, Minehan M, Knight-
Agarwal CR, et al. Alterations in gut
microbiota caused by major depressive
disorder or a low FODMAP diet and
where they overlap. Frontiers in
nutrition. 2023;10:1303405.
22. Zhang H, Su Q. Low-FODMAP
Diet for Irritable Bowel Syndrome:
Insights from Microbiome. Nutrients.
2025;17(3).
23. Barandouzi ZA, Lee J, Maas K,
Starkweather AR, et al. Altered
Gut Microbiota in Irritable Bowel
Syndrome and Its Association
with Food Components. Journal of
personalized medicine. 2021;11(1).
24. Phan J, Nair D, Jain S, et al. Alterations
in Gut Microbiome Composition and
Function in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
and Increased Probiotic Abundance
with Daily Supplementation.
mSystems. 2021;6(6):e0121521.
25. Iebba V, Totino V, Gagliardi A, et
al. Eubiosis and dysbiosis: the two
sides of the microbiota. The new
microbiologica. 2016;39(1):1-12.
26. Ispiryan L, Zannini E, Arendt EK.
FODMAP modulation as a dietary
therapy for IBS: Scientific and market
perspective. Comprehensive reviews
in food science and food safety.
2022;21(2):1491-516.
27. Wilson B, Whelan K. Prebiotic
inulin-type fructans and galactooligosaccharides:
def inition,
specificity, function, and application
in gastrointestinal disorders. Journal
of gastroenterology and hepatology.
2017;32 Suppl 1:64-8.
28. Ochoa KC, Samant S, Liu A, et al. In
Vitro Efficacy of Targeted Fermentable
Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides,
Monosaccharides, and Polyols
Enzymatic Digestion in a High-
Fidelity Simulated Gastrointestinal
Environment. Gastro hep advances.
2023;2(3):283-90.
29. Halmos EP, Christophersen CT, Bird
AR, et al. Diets that differ in their
FODMAP content alter the colonic
luminal microenvironment. Gut.
2015;64(1):93-100.
30. Halmos EP, Gibson PR. Controversies
and reality of the FODMAP diet
for patients with irritable bowel
syndrome. Journal of gastroenterology
and hepatology. 2019;34(7):1134-42.
31. Chumpitazi BP. The gut microbiome
as a predictor of low fermentable
oligosaccharides disaccharides
monosaccharides and polyols diet
efficacy in functional bowel disorders.
Current opinion in gastroenterology.
2020;36(2):147-54.
32. Bertin L, Zanconato M, Crepaldi M,
et al. The Role of the FODMAP Diet
in IBS. Nutrients. 2024;16(3). Van den Houte K, Bercik P, Simren M,
et al. Mechanisms Underlying Food-
Triggered Symptoms in Disorders
of Gut-Brain Interactions. The
American journal of gastroenterology.
2022;117(6):937-46.
34. Spiller R. Impact of Diet on Symptoms
of the Irritable Bowel Syndrome.
Nutrients. 2021;13(2).
35. Kim MY CS. Dietary modulation
of gut microbiota for the relief of
irritable bowel syndrome. . Nutr Res
Pract 2021 Aug;15(4):411-30.
36. Tuck CJ, Biesiekierski JR, Schmid-
Grendelmeier P, et al. Food
Intolerances. Nutrients. 2019;11(7).
37. Cozma-Petruţ A, Loghin F, Miere
D, et al. Diet in irritable bowel
syndrome: What to recommend,
not what to forbid to patients!
World journal of gastroenterology.
2017;23(21):3771-83.
38. Singh P, Tuck C, Gibson PR, et al.
The Role of Food in the Treatment of
Bowel Disorders: Focus on Irritable
Bowel Syndrome and Functional
Constipation. The American journal of
gastroenterology. 2022;117(6):947-57.
39. Vandeputte D, Joossens M. Effects
of Low and High FODMAP Diets on
Human Gastrointestinal Microbiota
Composition in Adults with Intestinal
Diseases: A Systematic Review.
Microorganisms. 2020;8(11).
40. Watson KM, Gaulke CA, Tsikitis
VL. Understanding the microbiome:
a primer on the role of the microbiome
in colorectal neoplasia. Annals of
gastroenterology. 2020;33(3):223-36.
41. Zhou S, Gillilland,Wu, et al.
FODMAP diet modulates visceral
nociception by lipopolysaccharidemediated
intestinal inflammation and
barrier dysfunction. . J Clin I nvest.
2018;128:267-80.
42. Dean G, Chey SW, Singh P, et al.
A diet low in fermentable oligo-,
di-, monosaccharides and polyols
improves abdominal and overall
symptoms in persons with all
subtypes of irritable bowel syndrome.
Neurogastroenterology and motility.
2024;36(8):e14845.
43. Singh P, Grabauskas G, Zhou SY, et
al. High FODMAP diet causes barrier
loss via lipopolysaccharide-mediated
mast cell activation. JCI insight.
2021;6(22).
44. Barrett JS. How to institute the
low-FODMAP diet. Journal of
gastroenterology and hepatology.
2017;32 Suppl 1:8-10.
45. Staudacher HM, Lomer MCE,
Farquharson FM, et al. A Diet
Low in FODMAPs Reduces
Symptoms in Patients With Irritable
Bowel Syndrome and A Probiotic
Restores Bifidobacterium Species:
A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Gastroenterology. 2017;153(4):936-47.
46. Whelan K, Martin LD, Staudacher
HM, et al. The low FODMAP diet
in the management of irritable
bowel syndrome: an evidence-based
review of FODMAP restriction,
reintroduction and personalisation
in clinical practice. Journal of
human nutrition and dietetics : the
official journal of the British Dietetic
Association. 2018;31(2):239-55.
47. Tuck C, Barrett J. Re-challenging
FODMAPs: the low FODMAP diet
phase two. Journal of gastroenterology
and hepatology. 2017;32 Suppl 1:11-5.
48. Sultan N, Varney JE, Halmos
EP, et al. How to Implement the
3-Phase FODMAP Diet Into
Gastroenterological Practice. Journal
of neurogastroenterology and motility.
2022;28(3):343-56.
49. Chu P, He Y, Hu F,et al. The effects of
low FODMAP diet on gut microbiota
regulation: A systematic review
and meta-analysis. Journal of food
science. 2025;90(3):e70072.
50. Bennet SMP BL, Bohn L, Storsrud S,
et al. Multivariate modelling of faecal
bacterial profiles of patients with IBS
predicts responsiveness to a diet low
in FODMAPs. . Gut 2017:1-10.
51. Hustoft TN, Hausken T, Ystad SO,
et al. Effects of varying dietary
content of fermentable short-chain
carbohydrates on symptoms, fecal
microenvironment, and cytokine
profiles in patients with irritable bowel
syndrome. Neurogastroenterology
and motility. 2017;29(4).
52. Staudacher HM, Lomer MC, Anderson
JL, et al. Fermentable carbohydrate
restriction reduces luminal
bifidobacteria and gastrointestinal
symptoms in patients with irritable
bowel syndrome. The Journal of
nutrition. 2012;142(8):1510-8.
53. El-Salhy M, Hatlebakk JG,
Hausken T. Diet in Irritable Bowel
Syndrome (IBS): Interaction with
Gut Microbiota and Gut Hormones.
Nutrients. 2019;11(8).
54. Jiang W, Wu J, Zhu S, et al. The
Role of Short Chain Fatty Acids in
Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Journal of
neurogastroenterology and motility.
2022;28(4):540-8.
55. Ju X, Jiang Z, Ma J, et al. Changes
in Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids in
IBS Patients and Effects of Different
Interventions: A Systematic Review
and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients.
2024;16(11).
56. Beaver LM, Jamieson PE, Wong CP,
et al. Promotion of Healthy Aging
Through the Nexus of Gut Microbiota
and Dietary Phytochemicals.
Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md).
2025;16(3):100376.
57. Dey T, Kumar Mishra A, Nagpal S.
Gut Microbiota-Derived Conjugated
Linoleic Acid (CLA) in Health
and Disease (Internet). Probiotics,
Prebiotics, and Postbiotics in Human
Health and Sustainable Food Systems
(Working Title). IntechOpen; 2024.
Available from: http://dx.doi.
org/10.5772/intechopen.1006170.
58. Badawy S, Liu Y, Guo M, et al.
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) as a
functional food: Is it beneficial or not?
Food research international (Ottawa,
Ont). 2023;172:113158.
59. Liu Y, Xiao W, Yu L, et al. Evidence
from comparative genomic analyses
indicating that Lactobacillusmediated
irritable bowel syndrome
alleviation is mediated by conjugated
linoleic acid synthesis. Food &
function. 2021;12(3):1121-34.
60. McIntosh K, Reed DE, Schneider T,
et al. FODMAPs alter symptoms and
the metabolome of patients with IBS:
a randomised controlled trial. Gut.
2017;66(7):1241-51.
61. So D, Loughman A, Staudacher HM.
Effects of a low FODMAP diet on
the colonic microbiome in irritable
bowel syndrome: a systematic
review with meta-analysis. The
American journal of clinical nutrition.
2022;116(4):943-52.
62. Bootz-Maoz H, Pearl A, Melzer E,
et al. Diet-induced modifications
to human microbiome reshape
colonic homeostasis in irritable
bowel syndrome. Cell reports.
2022;41(7):111657.
63. Staudacher HM, Scholz M, Lomer
MC, et al. Gut microbiota associations
with diet in irritable bowel syndrome
and the effect of low FODMAP
diet and probiotics. Clinical
nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland).
2021;40(4):1861-70.
64. Pittayanon R, Lau JT, Yuan Y,
et al. Gut Microbiota in Patients
With Irritable Bowel Syndrome-A
Systematic Review. Gastroenterology.
2019;157(1):97-108.
65. Wilson B, Rossi M, Kanno T, et
al. β-Galactooligosaccharide in
Conjunction With Low FODMAP
Diet Improves Irritable Bowel
Syndrome Symptoms but Reduces
Fecal Bifidobacteria. The American
journal of gastroenterology.
2020;115(6):906-15.
66. Staudacher HM, Rossi M, Kaminski
T, et al. Long-term personalized low
FODMAP diet improves symptoms
and maintains luminal Bifidobacteria
abundance in irritable bowel and motility. 2022;34(4):e14241.
67. Nordin E, Hellström PM, Dicksved
J, et al. Effects of FODMAPs and
Gluten on Gut Microbiota and Their
Association with the Metabolome
in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A
Double-Blind, Randomized, Cross-
Over Intervention Study. Nutrients.
2023;15(13).
68. Panzetta ME, Valdivia RH.
Akkermansia in the gastrointestinal
tract as a modifier of human health.
Gut microbes. 2024;16(1):2406379.
69. Vervier K, Moss S, Kumar N, et al.
Two microbiota subtypes identified in
irritable bowel syndrome with distinct
responses to the low FODMAP diet.
Gut. 2022;71(9):1821-30.
70. Berg G, Rybakova D, Fischer D, et
al. Microbiome definition re-visited:
old concepts and new challenges.
Microbiome. 2020;8(1):103.
71. McBurney MI, Davis C, Fraser CM,
et al. Establishing What Constitutes
a Healthy Human Gut Microbiome:
State of the Science, Regulatory
Considerations, and Future
Directions. The Journal of nutrition.
2019;149(11):1882-95.
72. Mills S, Stanton C, Lane JA, et
al. Precision Nutrition and the
Microbiome, Part I: Current State of
the Science. Nutrients. 2019;11(4).
73. Liu Z, de Vries B, Gerritsen J, et al.
Microbiome-based stratification to
guide dietary interventions to improve
human health. Nutrition research
(New York, NY). 2020;82:1-10.
)